Methodology | Pew Research Center

American trends survey methodology

Review

The data in this report originates from the Wave 166 American Trends Panel (ATP), the national national team panel Pew Research Center Center randomly selected American adults. The study was conducted from March 24 to March 30, 2025. A total of 3,605 panelists responded from 4,045 sampled, due to the replying rate of an 89%survey level.

The cumulative rate of response responsible for deviating surveys and exhaustion for employment is 3%. The rate of interruption of the panelist who signed up for the survey and completed at least one item is 1%. Sampling error limit for a full sample of 3,605 respondents is plus or minus 1.9 percentage points.

The survey includes overlook Jewish, Muslim and non-Latin American adult adults to provide more accurate assessments of the opinions and experiences of these smaller demographic subgroups. These excessive groups are weighted to reflect their correct proportions in the population.

SSRS conducted a poll for the Pew Research Center (N = 3,460) and live interviews by phone (N = 145). The interviews were conducted in both English and Spanish.

To find out more about ATP, read “About the panel of American trends. “

Employment of panels

Since 2018, ATP has been using sampling based on address (ABS) employment. The vigilant letter and pre-storage is celebrated in the stratified, random sample of households selected from a computerized series of delivery of the US postal service. It is estimated that this postal service file covers 90% to 98% of the population. Within each household sample, an adult with the next birthday is selected to participate. Other details of the ABS Employment Protocol have changed over time, but are available on request. Prior to 2018, ATP was employed by using a fixed and mobile phone research on an random digital digit applied in English and Spanish.

The National Adult Sample in the United States is employed at ATP approximately once a year since 2014. In some years, employment included additional efforts (known as a “excessive role model”) to improve data accuracy for insufficiently represented groups. For example, adult Latin American, adult black and Asian adults were overcome in 2019, 2022 and 2023.

Sample design

The total target population for this research was uninstitutionalized persons at the age of 18 and the elderly live in the United States. It contained a layered random pattern from the ATP, which with certainty was selected by Jewish, Muslim and non-Latin American Asian adults. The remaining panelists are sampled by the rates intended to ensure that the proportion of respondents in each layer is proportional to its adult population in the USA -in the highest possible extent. The weights of the respondents adapt to the calculated different likelihood of the selection as described in the weighted section below.

The development and testing of the questionnaire

Upitnik je razvio Pew Research Center u savjetovanju sa SSRS -om. The web program used for Internet respondents strictly tested both on PC and mobile devices by the researcher of the SSR project team and researcher Pew Research Center. The SSRS project team also settled the test data analyzed in the SPSS to ensure that logic and randomization act as foreseen before launching a survey.

Incentives

All respondents were offered after the incentive to participate in their participation. Respondents could decide to receive an incentive after a PAID in the form of a wait or a gift code on Amazon.com, Target.com or Walmart.com. The stimulus amounts ranged from $ 5 to $ 20, depending on whether the respondent belongs to the part of the population that is more difficult or easier to reach. Differential incentive amounts are designed to increase the participation in the panel surveys among groups that traditionally have low preferences for answering a survey.

Data collection protocol

The data collection period for this research was from March 24 to March 30, 2025. Surveys have been conducted through web survey with self -management or live telephone interview.

For panelists who take the online surveys: The postcards notifications were sent to the subgroup 24. March. The survey invitations were sent to two separate launch: Soft Launch and Full Launch. Sixty panelists were included in the soft launch, which began with the initial call addressed on March 24th. All remaining sampled internet panelists in English and Spanish were included in complete launch and were sent a call on March 25.

Panelists who participate on the network have been sent a call to E -hast and up to two reminders E -šte if they did not respond to the survey. ATP panelists who agreed to SMS messages were sent to an SMS invitation with a link to a survey and up to two SMS reminders.

For panelists who survey survey survey survey: The postcards for the transmission were sent on March 21. The soft launch was held on March 24 and included dialing until five interviews were completed. All the remaining numbers of telephone panelists who speak English and Spanish were selected during the remaining field. Panelists taking surveys by phone can get up to six calls of trained SSRS surveyors.

Data quality checks

To provide high quality data, the Center Researchers have performed data quality checks to identify all respondents who show patterns of satisfaction. This includes a check that the respondents left blank questions with very high rates or always chose the first or last answer. As a result of this verification, three ATP respondents were removed from a set of surveys before weighting and analysis.

Weighting

ATP data is weighted in a process that explains multiple sampling and non -dealing stages that occur at different points in the Ploče poll procedure. First, every panelist begins with a basic weight that reflects their likelihood of employment in the board. These weights are calibrated to reconcile with the reference values ​​of the population in the accompanying table to correct the irresponsibility for hiring surveys and panel exhaustion. If only the panelist subgroup is invited to participate in the wave, this weight adapts to explain any different likelihood of the selection.

Among the panelists who have completed the survey, this weight is re -calibrated to align with the reference values ​​of the population identified in the attached table and trimmed on the first and 99 percentage to reduce the loss of precision that results from the variance in the weights. Sampling errors and statistically significance tests take into account the weight of the weight.

The next table shows unobstructed sampling samples and an error that can be attributed to a sampling that would be expected at a reliability level of 95% for different groups in the survey.

Sampling sizes and sampling errors for other subgroups are available on request. In addition to sampling error, it should be borne in mind that the formulation of questions and practical difficulty in conducting a survey may introduce errors or bias in public opinion polls.

Dispositions and rates of answers